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Phage display leverages the natural biology of bacteriophages—viruses that specifically infect bacteria and archaea—to study protein interactions. Bacteriophages consist of a protein coat that encapsulates either a DNA or RNA genome. Their structural simplicity or complexity varies, but they all share a fundamental ability to inject their genetic material into host cells, making them ideal […]

What Are ADCs? ADCs are complex biopharmaceuticals that consist of three key components:  The precise engineering of these components determines the efficacy and safety of the ADC. Differences in the antibody, the drug, or the linker can lead to significant variations in the therapeutic outcomes.  ADC Biosimilars  ADC biosimilars are essentially “generic” versions of an

Fully human antibodies offer distinct advantages in antibody drug development. They trigger minimal immune response (immunogenicity) in patients, leading to improved safety and tolerance compared to traditional antibody therapies. This approach also focuses on identifying high-affinity and highly specific antibodies, ensuring they effectively target the desired molecules. Understanding Fully Human Antibodies  Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are

Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a transformative approach in oncology, with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) at the forefront. ICIs work by blocking regulatory pathways in T cells that cancer cells exploit to evade immune detection. Mechanisms of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors  Immune checkpoints are regulatory pathways that maintain self-tolerance and modulate the duration and amplitude of

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have emerged as the predominant expression system for producing recombinant antibodies due to their ability to perform complex post-translational modifications and their suitability for large-scale production. Despite their widespread use, achieving high-level expression and maintaining the quality of recombinant antibodies in CHO cells involves overcoming several technical challenges.  Optimization of

In the complex landscape of drug discovery and development, preclinical studies are instrumental in evaluating the safety, efficacy, and biological activity of potential therapeutic agents before they reach clinical trials. A critical component of these studies is the use of biologics, particularly Research-Use-Only (RUO) biologics. While RUO biologics are not intended for clinical use, they

Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) offer unparalleled versatility and precision in targeting multiple antigens or epitopes. As the biopharmaceutical industry continues to explore the therapeutic potential of these engineered molecules, their role in in vivo studies is expanding rapidly. This transformation is not only enhancing the understanding of complex biological processes but also driving innovation in drug

A review by researchers from the University of Virginia highlights the role of antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) in cancer immunotherapy. Unconjugated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have significantly impacted cancer treatment by targeting specific antigens on malignant cells. Widely used mAbs, such as anti-CD20 (rituximab, obinutuzumab), anti-HER2 (trastuzumab), and anti-CD38 (daratumumab), use ADCP to target and remove

The field of biotherapeutics has seen rapid advancements with antibodies and antibody-like formats emerging as a major class of therapeutic proteins. For scientists and researchers in biotech, understanding the structural and dynamic characteristics of antibodies is crucial. These insights inform the engineering of more effective therapeutic antibodies and vaccines.   Antibodies are Y-shaped molecules composed of

Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) are a breakthrough in oncology, integrating the targeting precision of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with the potent cytotoxic effects of traditional chemotherapy. Their design aims to improve cancer treatment by ensuring that powerful anti-cancer drugs reach and destroy tumor cells while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. This article provides a detailed exploration of